They show anatomical similarity to modern humans in the big toe of their foot and their well developed plantar aponeurosis.
2.
However, during a training session on the 25 July 2008, Pascal sustained an injury ( a rupture of the plantar aponeurosis ).
3.
All these muscles are covered by the thick and dense plantar aponeurosis, which, together with two tough septa, form the spaces of the three groups.
4.
It is continuous by its upper border with the deep fascia of the leg, and by its lower border with the plantar aponeurosis and the fibers of origin of the abductor hallucis muscle.
5.
Further, it defines the plantar aponeurosis as bands of fibrous connective tissue radiating toward the bases of the toes from the medial process of the tuber calcanei ( posterior half of the calcaneus ).
6.
The other limb extends downward and medialward, to be attached to the border of the plantar aponeurosis, and passes over the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior and also the vessels and nerves.
7.
The extra support in the big toe and extensive plantar aponeurosis shows that " Paranthropus " had hyperextension of their toes for a " toe-off " gait cycle, characteristic of modern bipedalism in humans.
8.
The arch is further supported by the plantar aponeurosis, by the small muscles in the sole of the foot, by the tendons of the Tibialis anterior and posterior and Peron�us longus, and by the ligaments of all the articulations involved.
9.
Normally the plantar fascia has three fascicles with the central fascicle thickest at 4 mm, the MRI . Findings on imaging such as plantar aponeurosis thickening, however, may be absent in symptomatic individuals or present in asymptomatic individuals thereby limiting the utility of such observations.
10.
As this artery passes lateralward, it is first placed between the calcaneus and Abductor hallucis, and then between the Flexor digitorum brevis and Quadratus plant?as it runs forward to the base of the little toe it lies more superficially between the Flexor digitorum brevis and Abductor digiti quinti, covered by the plantar aponeurosis and integument.
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